Mix Proportion Design of Tunnel Shotcrete Based on Diorite Manufactured Sand

Authors

• SONG Funing, College of Civil Engineering , Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology , Xi’an, Shaanxi 710055 , China ;Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Space Engineering , Xi’an, Shaanxi 710055 , ChinaFollow
• WANG Zegang, China Railway 20th Bureau Group 4th Engineering Co ., Ltd., Qingdao , Shandong 266061 , China
• LIU Naifei, College of Civil Engineering , Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology , Xi’an, Shaanxi 710055 , China ;Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Space Engineering , Xi’an, Shaanxi 710055 , ChinaFollow
• SONG Zhanping, College of Civil Engineering , Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology , Xi’an, Shaanxi 710055 , China ;Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Space Engineering , Xi’an, Shaanxi 710055 , China

Corresponding Author

刘乃飞，男，博士，教授.E-mail：liunaifei@xauat.edu.cn

Abstract

Tunnel construction produces a large amount of waste slag, which cannot be effectively utilized due to various factors. By using tunnel slag to prepare manufactured sand to replace natural sand, resources can be saved; costs can be reduced, and the environment can be protected. Based on the Xi’an‒Shiyan high-speed railway project, the physical and mechanical properties of diorite along the tunnel were tested; the physical properties and concrete performance of manufactured sand and natural sand were comparatively studied, and the effects of water-binder ratio and sand ratio on the performance of shotcrete were analyzed by designing multiple sets of mix proportion tests. The results indicate that diorite has few impurities, good stability, and a low radioactivity index, which is suitable for preparing manufactured sand; compared with natural sand, manufactured sand particles are characterized by rough surfaces, a high fineness modulus, and a high water demand, and meanwhile, the manufactured sand concrete has slightly poorer fluidity but higher strength. When the water-binder ratio is 0.41‒0.43, and the sand ratio is 51%‒52%, the overall performance of the manufactured sand shotcrete is optimal, and the designed mix proportion shows a good application effect in field trial spraying. It is practicable to apply diorite manufactured sand in shotcrete, which can meet the engineering requirements of tunnel shotcrete, and its application in concrete materials can be further promoted in the future.

Publication Date

6-27-2026

DOI

10.14048/j.issn.1671-2579.2026.03.022

First Page

201

Last Page

207

Submission Date

June 2026

Recommended Citation

Funing, SONG; Zegang, WANG; Naifei, LIU; and Zhanping, SONG (2026) "Mix Proportion Design of Tunnel Shotcrete Based on Diorite Manufactured Sand," Journal of China & Foreign Highway: Vol. 46: Iss. 3, Article 22.
DOI: 10.14048/j.issn.1671-2579.2026.03.022
Available at: https://zwgl1980.csust.edu.cn/journal/vol46/iss3/22

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